Our modern understanding of Irish and Celtic Druids is derived from four major periods of history. Getty Images
Who were the Druids? Their legacy is the most enduring and mysterious.
Today, the word “druid” conjures images of magic, wizardry, and spiritualism, but in ancient times, the term had a much broader definition.
During the Iron Age, the Druids comprised the highest educated tier of Celtic society, including poets, doctors, and spiritual leaders. The legacy of this last group is the most enduring and the most mysterious.
25,000-year history of rebirth
The earliest evidence of the Druid spiritual tradition dates back 25,000 years and is found in caves in Europe, such as the Chauvet, Lascaux, and Altamira caves in France and Derbyshire, England, which feature paintings of wild animals on their walls.
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Candidates for initiation would crawl into the caves to be reborn in the light of day. This theme of death and rebirth remains a continuing thread in the spiritual practice of Druidry throughout the centuries.
This practice of seeking rebirth within the Earth can be seen around 3000 BC, when great mounds were built in which initiates would sit in darkness, waiting to be “reborn” into the light. One example is Ireland’s Newgrange in Co Meath, where a shaft is oriented to the winter solstice sunrise, filling the chamber with light at dawn.
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Inside Newgrange (Ireland’s Content Pool)
This spiritual tradition continued for four and a half thousand years, into the sixteenth century, when Christian clerics transcribed the key text of Druid spirituality from oral tradition. The text speaks of “the spiritual and magical training of a Druid, in which a Goddess eats him, enters her belly, and is reborn as the greatest poet in the land.”
Origins of the term “druid”
The word “Druid” derives from the Latin “druidae” and from Gaulish “druides”. It is also thought to stem from a Celtic compound, “dru-wid” – “dru” (tree) and “wid” (to know) – which reflects the importance of trees in Celtic spirituality and symbolism. The Old Irish form was “drui”, and in Modern Irish and Gaelic the word is “draoi” or “druadh” (magician, sorcerer).
Educated ancient leaders
Druidry.org marks four significant periods of history that relate to Celtic and Druid spirituality:
The prehistoric period saw tribes from Europe moving westwards towards Britain and Ireland as the Ice Age retreated. These people had considerable knowledge of astronomy and mathematics, as well as excellent engineering skills. The megalithic building culture developed at this time, and this period saw the rise of great mounds like Newgrange and stone circles like Stonehenge.
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Newgrange (Getty Images)
Next came the period of documented history, when classical writers left behind written works about the Celts and Druids. The Celts had “a highly sophisticated religious system, with three types of Druids: the Bards, who knew the songs and stories of the tribe, the Ovates, who were the healers and seers, and the Druids, who were the philosophers, judges, and teachers.”
The third period, which lasted for a thousand years, began with the coming of Christianity. During this time, Celtic and Druid spirituality was preserved by the Christian clerics who recorded many of the old stories and myths conveyed by the Druids, who mostly converted to Christianity. St Patrick also recorded all of the old Druid laws of Ireland, thereby preserving information on the ethics and social structure of the pre-Christian Celtic culture.
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Saint Patrick (Getty Images)
The fourth and final period began in the sixteenth century with the “rediscovery” of the Druids and their Celtic heritage by European scholars. Along with the translation and printing of classical Druid texts, scholars discovered their ancestors were far from the savages the Church made them out to be. During this period of “Druid Revival,” groups and societies were established to study Druidry and Celticism, and cultural festivals celebrating their languages and traditions sprang up throughout Europe. This period of revival has grown into a renaissance that continues to this day.
* Originally published in 2014 and updated in Dec 2025.
Patrick Murphy: Watch out, we’re keeping an eye on you, Mr Putin.
If young Irish men and women die face-down in the Donbas mud, they will know they died to the applause of the main parties in Leinster House.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and Taoiseach Micheal Martin shake hands during a press conference at Government Buildings in Dublin
By Patrick Murphy
December 06, 2025 at 6:00am GMT
IN 1899, a Cork newspaper, The Skibbereen Eagle, famously stated in an editorial that it was keeping an eye on the Czar of Russia.
It is not clear if Czar Nicholas II changed Russian foreign policy as a result, but maybe the threat from West Cork made him a bit more cautious.
This week another product of Cork, Taoiseach Micheál Martin, adopted a similar approach to the current Russian leader, when he said during President Zelenskyy’s visit to the Dáil that Russia has to be held accountable.
We are not sure what he meant, but President Putin’s response was to say that if Europe wanted war, Russia was ready to fight. It looks like Russia is now keeping an eye on Ireland.
The Dáil’s main parties rightly condemned Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, but their standing ovation for Zelenskyy carried just a hint of 1914, when John Redmond argued that it was the “moral duty” of Irishmen to defend “brave little Belgium”.
Ceann Comhairle Verona Murphy echoed that sentiment, saying that Ireland “is not morally neutral in the face of atrocity”.
All very morally commendable, but where does Ireland go from here?
It might begin by remembering what Pope Francis said in 2022. He remarked that Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine was “perhaps somehow either provoked, or not prevented”.
He said an unnamed but “wise” head of state told him that NATO was “barking at the gates of Russia”.
The man responsible for that barking was honorary Irish nationalist Joe Biden, who was applauded in the Dáil two years ago. (The Dáil enjoys applauding.)
In 2019, Zelenskyy and Putin agreed a ceasefire in the Donbas region over the long-simmering conflict in Crimea.
However, when Biden became president in 2020, he argued for Ukraine to join NATO, which would have meant US missiles on Russia’s border. Putin reacted by illegally invading Ukraine in 2022.
An estimated 400,000 Ukrainian soldiers have died in an avoidable war for Joe Biden’s flawed foreign policy. No-one in the Dáil mentioned Biden – or Pope Francis.
Donald Trump’s attitude is different from Biden’s. He disowned Ukraine, not because he dislikes violence (as evidenced by his attacks on Venezuela), but because he sees more business opportunities in peace than in war.
By abandoning Ukraine, Trump has sidelined Europe, telling it to stand alone.
The obvious EU response would have been to seek an end to the war by sending Zelenskyy to Moscow to make a deal with Putin.
Rubbish, you say, Putin’s army should be beaten back into Russia and Ukraine should regain all its territory. That’s a fair point, but without US support, how exactly might that be achieved?
Should the EU take America’s place as Ukraine’s arms supplier? That is what NATO is advocating. If so, should Ireland be part of that?
It is heading that way. This weekend Irish Defence Forces are being trained by NATO in cyber-defence.
According to the US-based Defense News, the EU will spend £334 billion on military and related equipment this year. That is one and a half times China’s spend and more than three times Russia’s military budget.
Meanwhile, France and Germany are reintroducing military service, bringing to seven the number of European countries which have reintroduced conscription or military service since 2014.
Europe is gearing up for war, which is why Putin said Russia is ready to fight.
However, is the Ukrainian government worth dying for?
In 2015 the Guardian newspaper described Ukraine as “the most corrupt nation in Europe”. Its energy and justice ministers resigned last month amid allegations of a £76 million embezzlement scheme.
The BBC has referred to corruption in Ukraine as “endemic”. The London Independent claimed that “money for war has been stolen by a group of powerful people”.
Zelenskyy’s chief negotiator with the US resigned last week following an anti-corruption raid on his home.
The war in Ukraine is all over bar the shooting (and fine words in the Dáil).
Ireland’s support for Zelenskyy has aligned it with the EU’s military expansion. So will we see Irish soldiers march off to war, as in 1914, this time morally fighting for a corrupt state, as described in the British media?
The reassuring news is that if young Irish men and women die face-down in the Donbas mud, they will know they died to the applause of the main parties in Leinster House.
The Skibbereen Eagle may have long gone, but the current Irish media might like to keep an eye not only on Russia, but on events in the Dáil.
If you have an opinion on the issues raised in this article and would like to submit a Letter to the Editor to be considered for publication
Welcoming the closure of internment without trial, the paper condemns the years of arbitrary detention, psychological torment and injustice suffered by Long Kesh detainees since 1971
The Long Kesh internment camp
By Cormac Moore
December 06, 2025 at 6:00am GMT
December 6 1975
Doubtless heading the dictates of prudence (because Britain is believed to have been found guilty by the European Human Rights Commission of torture or internees as well as the discriminatory use of internment) if not of charity towards the internees in Long Kesh, Mr [Merlyn] Rees has finally laid to rest this evil which has provoked so much hostility and caused so much human suffering.
Yesterday’s decision will be widely welcomed. It is a long overdue move which could push us a little nearer to normality.
Internment without trial has been the great abomination in the eyes of those whose menfolk were its victims because it was exercised in so arbitrary a fashion. It has aroused disgust and protest on all sides. Anger over it has constantly provoked more than verbal protest.
It is now generally agreed that internment (or the less abrasive “detention”) has been counter-productive and that we should not move forward until it was ended.
There has always been uneasiness about the mental anguish of men arrested and detained without trial, and the demoralising effects of inactivity in a place providing few physical or mental facilities; over the herding together in compounds and the cheek-by-jowl existence of men and youths of varying social and intellectual capacities.
However Mr [Brian] Faulkner may have argued for it at the time of its introduction, internment without trial remains an essentially and hopelessly immoral exercise and those interned the victims of a wanton and unjustifiable act of aggression against their liberty.
Its history since 1971 and the subsequent arrival of British ministers, has been marred by a reluctance to face up to its realities except when protest became disturbing. Only then did Mr [William] Whitelaw make an effort to disengage from the Faulkner policy by ordering the release of several hundred men who had been so unjustifiably interned.
Even a subsequent system of enquiry by commissioners did not appear to operate in the best traditions of British justice and in too many cases Long Kesh inmates had to submit to the charade of hearing “evidence” from unseen “informers” before knowing whether they would be released or continue to be interned.
Long Kesh was opened in 1971 to provide for Mr Faulkner’s self-confessed “detestable instrument” of internment. Despite efforts to improve conditions there it has remained a squalid place harbouring men without hope.
Irish News editorial, while welcoming the ending of internment, condemned the policy in the first place and the more than four years of its enforcement.
The ancient race who ruled Ireland and their magic harp.
Before humans ruled the earth, the Tuatha Dé held the power of the Uaithne, a precious weapon.
Sean Reid
@bostoncrabthe
Dec 05, 2025
Before humans ruled the earth the Tuatha Dé held the power of the Uaithne, a precious weapon.Before humans ruled the earth the Tuatha Dé held the power of the Uaithne, a precious weapon. Getty
According to our folklore, Ireland wasn’t always ruled by humans. Many different races were said to call Ireland once their home. Easily, one of the most important of these is a group known as the Tuatha Dé Danann.
While human in their appearance, many stories tell of their fantastic powers and the epic battles that raged while they were in control of Ireland. To talk about them in great detail would take up half of this website’s memory, so I thought I’d share a tale about one particularly important member of the Tuatha Dé, known as The Dagda.
The Dagda was the high priest of the Tuatha Dé. He was very powerful and fought many battles, ensuring that the Tuatha Dé emerged victorious against their enemies. He could also control the four seasons using a magic harp called Uaithne. When he wished, he would play a particular chord on this harp, and the season would change from one to the next.
It was made of oak and was a visually powerful tool, helping to make the harp such a well-known image around Ireland. He would also bring Uaithne out to battle with him, as its chords would bring guidance and strength to The Dagda’s men and ensure victory would come to them.
Of course, this power was not a secret, and the mortal enemies of The Tuatha Dé Danann, The Formor, began to make plans to steal Uaithne away from The Dagda. They would learn its secrets and bring it out to battle themselves, hoping to defeat the Tuatha Dé and rule Ireland themselves. They launched an attack against The Dagda, and during the battle, they broke into his lair and stole Uaithne away from him.
When the Fomorians got the harp back to their home, they had great difficulty getting the harp to play any music. Any time they rang their fingers against its strings, nothing was to be heard except for silence. They wasted their time trying to work out the problem, as The Dagda and Uaithne were linked, with The Dagda able to call it back to himself at any time and prevent others from playing it.
When he noticed it missing, he gathered a group of men, and they made their way to the Fomorians. The Fomor spotted them but didn’t have much time to react. The Dagda called out to Uaithne, and it sprang to life and flew through the air towards The Dagda, killing nine Fomorians. He grabbed Uaithne and played three chords. The first made all the Fomorians burst into tears and collapse in despair. The second made them erupt into laughter and toss their weapons aside. The final chord sent them all into a slumber, allowing The Dagda and his men to escape unharmed.
The harp is one of our most well-known national symbols, and it is stories such as these that ensure that its legacy stays strong in Irelan
Celtic Woman’s New York 2026 tickets available now!
A thrilling new chapter in the iconic group’s 21-year journey brings “Celtic Woman – A New Era” to the United Palace in NYC for one night only.
IrishCentral Staff
@IrishCentral
Dec 03, 2025
Grammy-nominated Celtic Woman will perform at United Palace in New York City on Friday, March 20, 2026.Grammy-nominated Celtic Woman will perform at United Palace in New York City on Friday, March 20, 2026.
Grammy-nominated Celtic Woman will perform at United Palace in New York City on Friday, March 20, 2026. Tickets are now available.
The new production, “Celtic Woman – A New Era,” features Mairéad Carlin, Muirgen O Mahony, Ciara Ní Mhurchú, and newcomer Caitríona Sherlock performing a program that blends the ensemble’s signature harmonies with fresh orchestrations and contemporary staging.
Audiences should expect Irish dancers, a full ensemble, and traditional instruments, including bagpipes, bodhran, whistles, and Uilleann pipes, brought to life through modern storytelling and energetic arrangements.
“Celtic Woman – A New Era” will traverse a repertoire from Irish classics and contemporary favorites to classical pieces and original songs that reflect the vibrancy of modern Ireland while honoring centuries of musical heritage. The show is described as a spellbinding tribute to the enduring power of Irish music and the extraordinary talents of the performers, and promises memorable vocal performances and instrumental virtuosity.
Celtic Woman
Since their debut in 2004, Celtic Woman has become the most successful all-female Irish group in history, with more than three billion global streams, 5.3 million US sales, and 12.5 million global equivalent sales. The group draws nearly one million monthly listeners on Spotify and has amassed 900 million US streams to date, making them a familiar presence for Irish American audiences across the country.
Mairéad Carlin hails from Derry and is a Grammy-nominated singer who has appeared with the New York Philharmonic and Boston Pops. She first joined Celtic Woman in 2013.
Muirgen O Mahony is a classically trained vocalist from County Cork with education from the Cork School of Music and the Royal Academy of Music in London, and experience performing at venues such as the Royal Albert Hall.
Ciara Ní Mhurchú is a Dublin-born dancer and musician who has toured with Riverdance and Lord of the Dance and is a two-time All-Ireland Fleadh gold medalist.
Caitríona Sherlock comes from County Monaghan and is a multiple All-Ireland Fleadh Cheoil champion who has performed at Carnegie Hall and Croke Park, and has toured internationally.
United Palace
United Palace opened in 1930 as one of Loew’s Wonder Theatres and is known for its outrageously ornate architecture, designed by Thomas Lamb, and its decorative work by Harold Rambusch. The venue seats nearly 3,400 people and is Manhattan’s fourth-largest theater, hosting concerts, TV and film shoots, movie premieres, and a range of cultural events while blending historic opulence with state-of-the-art production facilities.
